Journalism
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Journalism is the investigation and reporting of events, issues and
trends to a broad audience. Though there are many
variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience about
topics ranging from
government and business organizations to cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field includes editing, photojournalism, and documentary.
government and business organizations to cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field includes editing, photojournalism, and documentary.
In modern
society, news media have become the chief purveyor of
information and opinion about public affairs; but the role and status of
journalism, along with other forms of mass media, are undergoing changes resulting from
the Internet. [1] This has resulted in a shift toward
reading on e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic devices rather
than print media and has faced news organizations with the ongoing problem of
monetizing on digital news. Many struggling organizations believe that
"journalism is in dire shape, and the triumph of digital is to blame,"
but Rupert Murdoch insists the "future of
journalism is more promising than ever—limited only by editors and producers
unwilling to fight for their readers and viewers, or government using its heavy
hand either to over-regulate us or subsidize us."[2] It remains to be seen which news
organizations can make the best of the advent of digital media and whether or
not print media can survive.
The use of
information graphics
and time management
techniques are revolutionizing the newsroom through the use of the maestro concept..
Contents
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History
Main article: History of journalism
Johann Carolus's Relation aller Fürnemmen und
gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. The first successful English daily,
the Daily Courant,
was published from 1702 to 1735.[3] The first dedicated school for journalism,
Missouri School
of Journalism, was founded in 1908 in the United States of America
by Walter Williams.[4] The reform of the Diário Carioca
newspaper in the 1950s is usually referred to as the birth of modern journalism
in Brazil.[5]
1780
The first newspaper in India was
published by James Hicky in January 1780. It wascalled the Bengal Gazette and
announced itself as “a weekly political and commercial paper open to all
parties but influenced by none”.Bengal Gazette was a two-sheet paper measuring
12 inches by 8 inches, most of the space being occupied by advertisements.
Its circulation reached a maximum of 200 copies.Within six years of Bengal
Gazette, four more weeklies were launched in Kolkata (thenCalcutta).
1782
Madras Courier was launched in 1782.
1791
Bombay Herald was launched in
1791.
1792
Bombay Courier was launched in 1792.
It published advertisements in English andGujarati.
1799
In 1799, the East India
administration passed regulations to increase its control over the press.
1816
The first newspaper under Indian
administration appeared in 1816. It was also calledBengal Gazette and was
published by Gangadhar Bhattacharjee. It was a liberal paper which
advocated the reforms of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.Raja Ram Mohan Roy himself brought
out a magazine in Persian called Mirat-ul-Ukhbar.He also published The
Brahmanical Magazine, an English periodical to counteract thereligious
propaganda of the Christian missionaries of Serampore.
1822
In 1822, the Chandrika Samachar was
started in Bengal.At the same time, Bombay Samachar was started by Ferdunji
Marzban. It gaveimportance to social reform and commercial news in Gujarati.
1826
The first Hindi newspaper Oodunt
Martand was published in 1826 from Bengal.However, it could not survive long
because of its distant readership and high postal rates.Its place was soon
taken by Jami Jahan Numa, a newspaper that was pro-establishment.
1832
In 1832, Bal Shastri Jambhekar
launched at Anglo-Marathi newspaper from Pune.
1830-1857
A large number of short-lived
newspapers were brought out in this time. Some were inIndian languages like
Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Urdu and Persian.
1857
The Uprising of 1857 brought out the
divide between Indian owned and British ownednewspapers. The government passed
the Gagging Act of 1847 and the Vernacular PressAct in 1876.After 1857, the
pioneering efforts in newspapers shifted from Bengal to Mumbai.Gujarati press
made great progress under the efforts of Ferdunji Marzban and KurshedjiCama.Marathi
journalism followed close behind with a distinctive educational bias.
1861
In 1861, Mr Knight merged the Bombay
Standard, Bombay Times and Telegraph and brought out the first issue of
Times of India.
1875
In 1875, the same Mr Knight with the
backing of rich merchants from Kolkata startedIndian Statesman which was later
called as Statesman.Around the same time, Amrita Bazar Patrika was able to
establish itself in Kolkata.Starting out as a vernacular paper, it was
constantly in trouble due to its outspokenness.In order to circumvent the
strict provision of the Vernacular Press Act, Amrita Bazar Patrika
converted itself overnight into an English newspaper.Amrita Bazar Patrika
inspired freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak to start Kesari in Pune.He used Kesari
to build anti-cow killing societies, Ganesh mandals and reviving theChhatrapati
Shivaji cult. He used mass communication as a powerful political weapon.
1905
By 1905, the English and vernacular
press had become pretty professional. Politicalleaders and social reformers
were regular contributors to newspapers. Some prominentwriters of the time were
C Y Chintamani, G A Natesan, N C Kelkar, Phirozshah Mehtaand Benjamin
Horniman.Indian news was supplied by special correspondent and government
hand-outs (pressreleases), international news was supplied by Reuters, an
international news agency.
1920s and 1930s
•
Newspapers in this period
started reflecting popular political opinion. While bigEnglish dailies were
loyal to the British government, the vernacular press wasstrongly nationalist.
•
The Leader and Bombay Chronicle were
pro-Congress.
•
The Servant of India and The Bombay
Chronicle were moderate.
•
The Bande Mataram of Aurbindo Ghosh,
Kal of Poona and Sakli of Surat werefiercely nationalist.
•
In 1918, Motilal Nehru started the
Independent of Lucknow as a newspaper of extreme Indian opinion.
•
The Home Rule Party started Young
India, which later became MahatmaGandhiji’s mouthpiece.As more and more Indians
started learning English, many became reporters, editors andeven owners. The
Anglo-Indian press began to lose ground except in Bombay andCalcutta.In 1927,
industrialist G D Birla took over Hindustan Times and placed it on a
soundfinancial footing.In the same year, S Sadanand started the Free Press
Journal, a newspaper for the poor andthe middle-class in Mumbai
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